Characterization of Nitrogen Dioxide Variability Using Ground-Based and Satellite Remote Sensing and In Situ Measurements in the Tiber Valley (Lazio, Italy)

The spatial–temporal distributions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a rural area Tiber valley were evaluated over one year (March 2022–February 2023) using remote sensing and situ measurements. Surface concentration monitoring was conducted Pandora-2s spectrometer chemiluminescence analyzer operated at the Liberti Observatory (CNR-IIA). In spring, when growing season agricultural activities increase, NO2 peaks detectable by Pandora but not analyzer. tropospheric TROPOMI VCD products showed similar temporal patterns as those Observatory. High levels spring detected six sites selected representative rural, residential, industrial environments. WRF simulations found that high pollution events, observed analyzer, occurred calm wind conditions, favouring accumulation locally emitted. complementary dataset provided techniques efficiently captured variability site exposed to low emission sources, thus supporting future decisional policies actions.